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The oath that David made (as recorded in 1 Samuel 20:3) was a reaffirmation of an oath that he had originally sworn in 1 Samuel 18:3 with Saul's son Jonathan that they would be loyal to one another, regardless of how Saul might try to come between them. (Even though Jonathan had a succession right to Israel's throne as Saul's son, Jonathan himself recognized that God had chosen David to replace Saul because of Saul's disobedience.) Even after Jonathan was killed, David fulfilled this oath by his kind treatment of Jonathan's lame son Mephibosheth, as described in 2 Samuel 9.
According to the conversation between Jonathan and David, it is apparent that they were disagreeing about the fact that King Saul was seeking to take David's life. David wasn't making false accusations against the king, so in order to prove that he was telling the truth he took an oath. He swore by the LORD and by the soul of Jonathan to solidify his oath. David knew that the LORD was his witness; otherwise he would have been guilty of taking the name of the Lord in vain which is the third commandment in Exodus 20:7.
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